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Aspects of Loper Bright are relatively clear. The majority notes that Congress “often” lawfully delegates a degree of discretion to agencies. As illustrated in a forthcoming article by Don Goodson at New York University’s Institute for Policy Integrity, the majority draws an important distinction between grants of discretionary authority and Chevron deference. Once an agency’s discretionary authority is established, litigants defending agency actions can often take advantage of the APA’s arbitrary-and-capricious standard of review to argue that reasonable, record-supported actions should be upheld.

Summing up the views of many, the , a nonprofit group with NYU Law School, said the petitioners' economic arguments about the disclosure rule's costs and benefits suffer from fundamental flaws. Specifically, those challenging the rule "ignore baseline disclosure practices — disclosures public companies will provide regardless of the rules." "Much of corporate America already provides or will soon provide climate-related disclosures, either voluntarily or to comply with mandatory disclosure laws in other jurisdictions," the brief said.

The Institute for Policy Integrity filed a brief demonstrating that the petitioners’ argument that the rules are “too costly given the benefits they provide” is based upon economic analyses that are fundamentally flawed: “Much of corporate America already provides or will soon provide climate-related disclosures, either voluntarily or to comply with mandatory disclosure laws in other jurisdictions,” a critical data point that the petitioners ignored. And IPI’s brief points out that the benefits of the rule are significant – providing investors with specific, comparable, and decision-useful information.

Updating its SC-GHG to incorporate the latest knowledge in climate science and economics was a major analytical success for EPA, and using it to evaluate the benefits of the agency’s new environmental regulations will produce tangible results in the fight against climate change. But transforming the numbers from an analytical step forward to a powerful weapon in the fight against climate change requires rapid, widespread adoption. The Institute for Policy Integrity is already encouraging other agencies and state governmental bodies to use EPA’s estimates through comments in regulatory proceedings. Whether those efforts — and others like them — are successful will largely depend on political factors and the appetite of regulators to seriously and rationally consider the damage that climate change will continue to inflict.

In another brief, the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law argued that the petitioners suing over the rules overstated the rules' costs and understated their benefits. "Petitioners also argue that the SEC failed to respond to an event study that they say shows the rules' benefits are nonexistent, but the study had critical limitations and was of little relevance," the institute argued. "Neither set of economic arguments provides a basis for vacating the rules."

“If anything, the SEC is playing catchup” with those other disclosure requirements, meaning compliance costs are already included in the regulatory baseline for many companies, the Institute for Policy Integrity (IPI) adds. When critics weighed the costs of the SEC rule, they did not acknowledge that companies would provide many of the same climate-related disclosures regardless of the SEC rules, which “greatly reduce[s] costs attributable to the rules,” IPI adds.

Donald Goodson, deputy director of the institute, told Regulatory Intelligence that the motivation behind the legal brief was to ensure the Eight Circuit was properly informed on the costs and benefits of the SEC's rule. "We wanted to file this brief because, based on the briefing to date, we felt the Eighth Circuit would otherwise miss this critical point — the challengers contend the costs of the SEC's final rules are excessive but ignore baseline disclosure practices for many of the regulated companies," Goodson said.

The Climate Change Superfund Act is modeled on the existing State and Federal Superfund law (which requires polluters to fund toxic waste dump cleanups) by making Big Oil climate polluters financially responsible for the environmental damages that they have caused. The top Big Oil companies will be required to pay a combined $3 Billion annually, every year for 25 years. These costs won’t fall back on consumers, according to economists and an analysis from the think tank Institute for Policy Integrity at NYU Law. 

"If you are trying to run a legal or compliance department, you're thinking, 'I have a lot of more work now in telling my front office what they can or cannot do,'" Donald Goodson, deputy director of the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law, told Regulatory Intelligence. "Across the country, if you have nationwide operations, you may face conflicting requirements."

“The D.C. Circuit’s opinion is clear and unequivocal,” said Jennifer Danis, federal energy policy director at New York University’s Institute for Policy Integrity. Danis penned a “friend of the court” brief on behalf of the project’s opponents.